| Antiquity | | Greek myths of Hephaestus, the blacksmith who manufactured mechanical servants, and the bronze man Talos incorporate the idea of intelligent robots. Many other myths in antiquity involve human-like artifacts. Many mechanical toys and models were actually constructed, e.g., by Archytas of Tarentum,Hero, Daedalus and other real persons. |
| | Greek myths of Hephaestus and Pygmalion incorporated the idea of intelligent robots (such as Talos) and artificial beings (such as Galatea and Pandora).[1] |
| | Yan Shi presented King Mu of Zhou with mechanical men.[2] |
| | Sacred mechanical statues built in Egypt and Greece were believed to be capable of wisdom and emotion. Hermes Trismegistus would write "they have sensus and spiritus ... by discovering the true nature of the gods, man has been able to reproduce it." Mosaic law prohibits the use of automatons in religion.[3] |
| 5th century B.C. | Aristotle invented syllogistic logic, the first formal deductive reasoning system. |
| 384 BC–322 BC | Aristotle described the syllogism, a method of formal, mechanical thought. |
| 1st century | | Heron of Alexandria created mechanical men and other automatons.[4] |
| 260 | Porphyry of Tyros wrote Isagogê which categorized knowledge and logic.[5] |
| ~800 | Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan) develops the Arabic alchemical theory of Takwin, the artificial creation of life in the laboratory, up to and including human life.[6] |
| 13th century | | Talking heads were said to have been created, Roger Bacon and Albert the Great reputedly among the owners. |
| | Ramon Lull, Spanish theologian, invented machines for discovering nonmathematical truths through combinatorics. |
| 1206 | Al-Jazari created a programmable orchestra of mechanical human beings.[7] |
| 1275 | Ramon Llull, Catalan theologian invents the Ars Magna, a tool for combining concepts mechanically, based on an Arabic astrological tool, the Zairja. The method would be developed further by Gottfried Leibniz in the 17th century.[8] |
| 15th century | | Invention of printing using moveable type. Gutenberg Bible printed (1456). |
| 15th-16th century | Clocks, the first modern measuring machines, were first produced using lathes. |
| 16th century | Clockmakers extended their craft to creating mechanical animals and other novelties. For example, see DaVinci's walking lion (1515). |
| | Rabbi Loew of Prague is said to have invented the Golem, a clay man brought to life (1580). |
| ~1500 | Paracelsus claimed to have created an artificial man out of magnetism, sperm and alchemy.[9] |
| ~1580 | Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel of Prague is said to have invented the Golem, a clay man brought to life.[10] |
| Early 17th century | René Descartes proposed that bodies of animals are nothing more than complex machines (but that mental phenomena are of a different "substance").[11] |
| 17th century | Early in the century, Descartes proposed that bodies of animals are nothing more than complex machines. Many other 17th century thinkers offered variations and elaborations of Cartesian mechanism. |
| | Pascal created the first mechanical digital calculating machine (1642). |
| | Thomas Hobbes published The Leviathan (1651), containing a mechanistic and combinatorial theory of thinking. |
| | Leibniz improved Pascal's machine to do multiplication & division with a machine called the Step Reckoner (1673) and envisioned a universal calculus of reasoning by which arguments could be decided mechanically. |
| 1623 | Wilhelm Schickard created the first mechanical calculating machine. |
| 1641 | Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan and presented a mechanical, combinatorial theory of cognition. He wrote "...for reason is nothing but reckoning".[12][13] |
| 1652 | Blaise Pascal created the second mechanical and first digital calculating machine[14] |
| 1672 | Gottfried Leibniz improved the earlier machines, making the Stepped Reckoner to do multiplication and division. He also invented the binary numeral system and envisioned a universal calculus of reasoning (alphabet of human thought) by which arguments could be decided mechanically. Leibniz worked on assigning a specific number to each and every object in the world, as a prelude to an algebraic solution to all possible problems.[15] |
| 18th century | The 18th century saw a profusion of mechanical toys, including the celebrated mechanical duck of Vaucanson and von Kempelen's phony mechanical chess player, The Turk (1769). For Edgar Allen Poe's description of the Turk, see Poe Writes about Maelzel's Chess Player April 1836. |
| 1727 | Jonathan Swift published Gulliver's Travels, which includes this description of the Engine, a machine on the island of Laputa: "a Project for improving speculative Knowledge by practical and mechanical Operations " by using this "Contrivance", "the most ignorant Person at a reasonable Charge, and with a little bodily Labour, may write Books in Philosophy, Poetry, Politicks, Law, Mathematicks, and Theology, with the least Assistance from Genius or study."[16] The machine is a parody of Ars Magna, one of the inspirations of Gottfried Leibniz' mechanism. |
| 1750 | Julien Offray de La Mettrie published L'Homme Machine, which argued that human thought is strictly mechanical.[17] |
| 1769 | Wolfgang von Kempelen built and toured with his chess-playing automaton, The Turk.[18] The Turk was later shown to be a hoax, involving a human chess player. |
| 19th century | Luddites (led by Ned Ludd) destroyed machinery in England (1811-1816). |
| | Mary Shelley published the story of Frankenstein's monster (1818). |
| | George Boole developed a binary algebra representing (some) "laws of thought," published in The Laws of Thought. |
| | Charles Babbage & Ada Byron (Lady Lovelace) designed a programmable mechanical calculating machines. A working model was built in 2002; a short video shows it working. |
| | Modern propositional logic developed by Gottlob Frege in his 1879 work Begriffsschrift and later clarified and expanded by Russell, Tarski, Godel, Church and others. |
| 1818 | Mary Shelley published the story of Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus, a fictional consideration of the ethics of creating sentient beings.[19] |
| 1822–1859 | Charles Babbage & Ada Lovelace worked on programmable mechanical calculating machines.[20] |
| 1837 | The mathematician Bernard Bolzano made the first modern attempt to formalize semantics. |
| 1854 | George Boole set out to "investigate the fundamental laws of those operations of the mind by which reasoning is performed, to give expression to them in the symbolic language of a calculus", inventing Boolean algebra.[21] |
| 1863 | Samuel Butler suggested that Darwinian evolution also applies to machines, and speculates that they will one day become conscious and eventually supplant humanity.[22] |
| 1913 | Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead published Principia Mathematica, which revolutionized formal logic. |
| 1915 | Leonardo Torres y Quevedo built a chess automaton, El Ajedrecista and published speculation about thinking and automata.[23] |
| 1917 | Karel Capek coins the term robot' (in Czech robot' means `worker', but the English translation retained the original word). |
| 1923 | Karel Čapek's play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) opened in London. This is the first use of the word "robot" in English.[24] |
| 1920s and 1930s | Ludwig Wittgenstein and Rudolf Carnap lead philosophy into logical analysis of knowledge. Alonzo Church develops Lambda Calculus to investigate computability using recursive functional notation. |
| 1928 | John von Neumann's minimax theorem (later used in game playing programs). |
| 1931 | Kurt Gödel showed that sufficiently powerful consistent formal systems permit the formulation of true theorems that are unprovable by any theorem-proving machine deriving all possible theorems from the axioms. To do this he had to build a universal, integer-based programming language, which is the reason why he is sometimes called the "father of theoretical computer science". |
| 1941 | Konrad Zuse built the first working program-controlled computers.[25] |
| 1943 | McCulloch and Pitt propose neural-network architectures for intelligence. |
| 1943 | Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts publish "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" (1943), laying foundations for artificial neural networks.[26] |
| 1943 | Arturo Rosenblueth, Norbert Wiener and Julian Bigelow coin the term "cybernetics". Wiener's popular book by that name published in 1948. |
| 1945 | Game theory which would prove invaluable in the progress of AI was introduced with the 1944 paper, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior by mathematician John von Neumann and economist Oskar Morgenstern. |
| 1945 | Vannevar Bush published As We May Think (The Atlantic Monthly, July 1945) a prescient vision of the future in which computers assist humans in many activities. |
| 1948 | John von Neumann (quoted by E.T. Jaynes) in response to a comment at a lecture that it was impossible for a machine to think: "You insist that there is something a machine cannot do. If you will tell me precisely what it is that a machine cannot do, then I can always make a machine which will do just that!". Von Neumann was presumably alluding to the Church-Turing thesis which states that any effective procedure can be simulated by a (generalized) computer. |
| 1950 | Isaac Asimov, "I, Robot" |
| 1950 | Shannon proposes chess program |
| 1950 | Turing Test proposed (Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence") |
| 1950 | Alan Turing proposes the Turing Test as a measure of machine intelligence.[27] |
| 1950 | Claude Shannon published a detailed analysis of chess playing as search. |
| 1950 | Isaac Asimov published his Three Laws of Robotics. |
| 1951 | The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark 1 machine of the University of Manchester: a checkers-playing program written by Christopher Strachey and a chess-playing program written by Dietrich Prinz. |
| 1954 | Isaac Asimov, "The Caves of Steel" (Robot Science Fiction) |
| 1955 | The first Dartmouth College summer AI conference is organized by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathan Rochester of IBM and Claude Shannon. |
| 1955 | Newell, Shaw, and Simon develop "IPL-11", first AI language |
| 1956 | Newell, Shaw, and Simon create "The Logic Theorist", a program that solves math problems. |
| 1956 | The name artificial intelligence is used for the first time as the topic of the second Dartmouth Conference, organized by John McCarthy[30] |
| 1956 | AI named at Dartmouth computer conference, first meeting of McCarthy, Minsky, Newell, and Simon. |
| 1956 | The first demonstration of the Logic Theorist (LT) written by Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw and Herbert Simon (Carnegie Institute of Technology, now Carnegie Mellon University). This is often called the first AI program, though Samuel's checkers program also has a strong claim. |
| 1956 | CIA funds GAT machine-translation project. |
| 1956 | Ulam develops "MANIAC I", the first chess program to beat a human being. |
| 1957 | The General Problem Solver (GPS) demonstrated by Newell, Shaw and Simon. |
| 1957 | Chomsky writes "Syntactic Structures" |
| 1957 | Newell, Shaw, & Simon create General Problem Solver (GPS) means-ends analysis |
| 1958 | McCarthy introduces "LISP" at MIT |
| 1958 | John McCarthy (Massachusetts Institute of Technology or MIT) invented the Lisp programming language. |
| 1958 | Herb Gelernter and Nathan Rochester (IBM) described a theorem prover in geometry that exploits a semantic model of the domain in the form of diagrams of "typical" cases. |
| 1958 | Teddington Conference on the Mechanization of Thought Processes was held in the UK and among the papers presented were John McCarthy's Programs with Common Sense, Oliver Selfridge's Pandemonium, and Marvin Minsky's Some Methods of Heuristic Programming and Artificial Intelligence. |
| 1959 | John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky founded the MIT AI Lab. |
| 1959 | Minsky and McCarthy establish MIT AI lab |
| 1959 | Rosenblatt introduces Perceptron. |
| 1959 | Samuel's checkers program wins games against best human players. |
| Late 1950s, early 1960s | Margaret Masterman and colleagues at University of Cambridge design semantic nets for machine translation. |
| 1960s | Ray Solomonoff lays the foundations of a mathematical theory of AI, introducing universal Bayesian methods for inductive inference and prediction. |
| 1960 | Bar-Hillel publishes a paper describing difficulty of machine translation. |
| 1960 | Man-Computer Symbiosis by J.C.R. Licklider. |
| 1961 | James Slagle (PhD dissertation, MIT) wrote (in Lisp) the first symbolic integration program, SAINT, which solved calculus problems at the college freshman level. |
| 1961 | In Minds, Machines and Gödel, John Lucas[31] denied the possibility of machine intelligence on logical or philosophical grounds. He referred to Kurt Gödel's result of 1931: sufficiently powerful formal systems are either inconsistent or allow for formulating true theorems unprovable by any theorem-proving AI deriving all provable theorems from the axioms. Since humans are able to "see" the truth of such theorems, machines were deemed inferior. |
| 1952–1962 | Arthur Samuel (IBM) wrote the first game-playing program,[28] for checkers (draughts), to achieve sufficient skill to challenge a respectable amateur. His first checkers-playing program was written in 1952, and in 1955 he created a version that learned to play.[29] |
| 1962 | McCarthy moves to Stanford, founding Stanford AI Lab in 1963. |
| 1962 | First commercial industrial robots. |
| 1962 | First industrial robot company, Unimation, founded. |
| 1963 | Thomas Evans' program, ANALOGY, written as part of his PhD work at MIT, demonstrated that computers can solve the same analogy problems as are given on IQ tests. |
| 1963 | Edward Feigenbaum and Julian Feldman published Computers and Thought, the first collection of articles about artificial intelligence. |
| 1963 | Leonard Uhr and Charles Vossler published "A Pattern Recognition Program That Generates, Evaluates, and Adjusts Its Own Operators", which described one of the first machine learning programs that could adaptively acquire and modify features and thereby overcome the limitations of simple perceptrons of Rosenblatt |
| 1963 | ARPA gives $2 million grant to MIT AI Lab. |
| 1963 | Sutherland's SKETCHPAD: drawing tool (CAD), constraint solver, WYSIWYG |
| 1963 | M. Ross Quillian (semantic networks as a knowledge representation) |
| 1963 | Susumo Kuno's parser tested on "Time flies like an arrow" |
| 1963 | Minsky's "Steps towards Artificial Intelligence" |
| 1964 | Bobrow's STUDENT (solves high-school algebra word problems) |
| 1964 | Development of BBNLisp begins at BBN |
| 1965 | Buchanan, Feigenbaum & Lederberg begin DENDRAL expert system project. |
| 1965 | Iva Sutherland demonstrates first head-mounted display (virtual reality) |
| 1965 | Simon predicts, "by 1985 machines will be capable of doing any work a man can do" |
| 1965 | Dreyfus argues against the possibility of AI. |
| 1966 | Donald Michie founds Edinburgh AI lab. |
| 1966 | Weizanbaum's ELIZA |
| 1967 | Greenblatt's MacHack defeats Hubert Deyfus at chess. |
| 1967 | "HAL" stars in Clarke and Kubrick's "2001" |
| 1968 | Minsky's "Semantic Information Processing" |
| 1968 | Chomsky and Halle's "The Sound Pattern of English" |
| 1969 | Minsky & Papert's "Perceptions" (limits of single-layer neural networks) |
| 1969 | Hearn & Griss define Standard Lisp to port the REDUCE symbolic algebra system. |
| 1970 | PROLOG (Colmerauer) |
| 1970 | Pople and Myers begin INTERNIST (aid in diagnosis of human diseases) |
| 1970 | Terry Winograd's SHRDLU (Natural Language Processing, Blocks World) |
| 1970 | Winston's ARCH |
| 1971 | Colby's PARRY |
| 1972 | Dreyfus publishes "What Computer's Can't Do" |
| 1972 | Smalltalk developed at Xerox PARC (Kay) |
| 1973 | Lighthill report kills AI funding in UK. |
| 1973 | Schank and Alberson develop scripts. |
| 1974 | Edward Shortliffe's thesis on MYCIN. |
| 1974 | First computer-controlled robot. |
| 1974 | Minsky's "A Framework for Representing Knowledge". |
| 1974 | SUMEX-AIM network established (applications of AI to medicine) |
| 1975 | Cooper & Erlbaum found Nestor to develop neural net technology. |
| 1975 | DARPA launches image understanding funding program. |
| 1975 | Larry Harris founds Artificial Intelligence Corp. (NLP) |
| 1976 | Adventure (Crowther and Woods) - first adventure game. |
| 1976 | Greenblatt creates first LISP machine, "CONS" |
| 1976 | Kurzweil introduces reading machine. |
| 1976 | Lenat's AM (Automated Mathematician) |
| 1976 | Marr's primal sketch as a visual presentation. |
| 1977 | C3PO and R2D2 star in "Star Wars". |
| 1978 | Marr and Nishihara propose 2-1/2 dimensional sketch |
| 1978 | Xerox LISP machines |
| 1978 | Tom Mitchell, at Stanford, invented the concept of Version Spaces for describing the search space of a concept formation program. |
| 1978 | Herb Simon wins the Nobel Prize in Economics for his theory of bounded rationality, one of the cornerstones of AI known as "satisficing". |
| 1978 | The MOLGEN program, written at Stanford by Mark Stefik and Peter Friedland, demonstrated that an object-oriented representation of knowledge can be used to plan gene-cloning experiments. |
| 1979 | Raj Reddy founds Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. |
| 1979 | MYCIN as good as medical experts (Journal of American Medical Assoc.) |
| 1979 | Publication of Weinreb and Moon's MIT AI Lab memo on Flavors, an OOP offering advanced capabilities still not generally unavailable outside the LISP language family. |
| 1979 | Bill VanMelle's PhD dissertation at Stanford demonstrated the generality of MYCIN's representation of knowledge and style of reasoning in his EMYCIN program, the model for many commercial expert system "shells". |
| 1979 | Jack Myers and Harry Pople at University of Pittsburgh developed INTERNIST, a knowledge-based medical diagnosis program based on Dr. Myers' clinical knowledge. |
| 1979 | Cordell Green, David Barstow, Elaine Kant and others at Stanford demonstrated the CHI system for automatic programming. |
| 1979 | The Stanford Cart, built by Hans Moravec, becomes the first computer-controlled, autonomous vehicle when it successfully traverses a chair-filled room and circumnavigates the Stanford AI Lab. |
| 1979 | Drew McDermott & Jon Doyle at MIT, and John McCarthy at Stanford begin publishing work on non-monotonic logics and formal aspects of truth maintenance. |
| 1980's | Lisp Machines developed and marketed. |
| | First expert system shells and commercial applications. |
| 1980 | Expert systems up to a thousand rules. |
| 1980 | First AAAI conference at Stanford. |
| 1980 | Greenblatt & Jacobson found LMI; Noftsker starts Symbolics. |
| 1980 | Hofstader writes "G"odel, Escher, Bach", wins Pulitzer. |
| 1980 | McDermott's XCON for configuring VAX systems (DEC and CMU) |
| 1980 | First biannual ACM LISP and Functional Programming Conference. |
| 1980 | Lee Erman, Rick Hayes-Roth, Victor Lesser and Raj Reddy published the first description of the blackboard model, as the framework for the HEARSAY-II speech understanding system. |
| | First National Conference of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) held at Stanford. |
| 1981 | Kazuhiro Fuchi announces Japanese Fifth Generation project. |
| 1981 | MITI wants intelligent computers by 1990. |
| 1981 | Teknowledge founded by Feigenbaum. |
| 1981 | PSL (Portable Standard Lisp) runs on a variety of platforms. |
| 1981 | Lisp machines from Xerox, LMI, and Symbolics available commercially, making dynamic OOP technology available on a widespread basis. |
| 1981 | Grass roots definition of Common Lisp as the common aspects of the family of languages- Lisp Machine Lisp, MacLisp, NIL, S-1 Lisp, Spice Lisp, Scheme. |
| 1981 | Danny Hillis designs the connection machine, a massively parallel architecture that brings new power to AI, and to computation in general. (Later founds Thinking Machines, Inc.) |
| 1982 | Publication of British government's "Alvey Report" on advanced information technology, leading to boost in Ai (Expert Systems) being used in industry. |
| 1982 | Japan's ICOT formed. |
| 1982 | John Hopfield resuscitates neural nets. |
| 1982 | SRI's PROSPECTOR finds major deposit of molybdenum. |
| 1983 | Asimov writes "Robot's of Dawn". |
| 1983 | Feigenbaum & McCorduck publish "The Fifth Generation". |
| 1983 | DARPA announced Strategic Computing Initiative. |
| 1983 | IntelliGenetics markets KEE. |
| 1983 | MCC consortium formed under Bobby Ray Inman. |
| 1983 | John Laird & Paul Rosenbloom, working with Allen Newell, complete CMU dissertations on SOAR. |
| 1983 | James Allen invents the Interval Calculus, the first widely used formalization of temporal events. |
| 1984 | Publication of Steele's "Common Lisp the Language" |
| 1984 | Chamberlain's RACTER `writes' book |
| 1984 | Doug Lenat begins CYC project at MCC. |
| 1984 | European Community starts ESPRIT program. |
| 1984 | GM puts 4millionintoTeknowledge.∣∣∣1984∣GoldHillcreatesGoldenCommonLISP.∣∣∣1984∣TIwinsMITcontractforLispmachinesawayfromSymbolics.∣∣∣1984∣"Wabot−2"readssheetmusicandplaysorgan.∣∣∣1985∣GMandCampbell′sSoupdon′tuseLispforexpertsystems.∣∣∣1985∣KawasakirobotkillsJapanesemechanicduringmalfunction.∣∣∣1985∣MITMediaLabfounded.∣∣∣1985∣Minskypublishes"TheSocietyofMind"∣∣∣1985∣PalladiansellsFinancialAdviser.∣∣∣1985∣TeknowledgeabandonsLISPandPROLOGforC.∣∣∣Mid80′s∣NeuralNetworksbecomewidelyusedwiththeBackpropagationalgorithm(firstdescribedbyWerbosin1974).∣∣∣1985∣Xeroxwins20 million contract for LISP machines, later cancelled. |
| 1985 | The autonomous drawing program, Aaron, created by Harold Cohen, is demonstrated at the AAAI National Conference (based on more than a decade of work, and with subsequent work showing major developments). |
| 1986 | X3J13 forms to produce a draft for an ANSI Common Lisp standard. |
| 1986 | AI industry revenue now 1,000,000,000∣∣∣1986∣Anderson′sroboticPing−Pongplayerwinsagainsthuman.∣∣∣1986∣BorlandoffersTurboPROLOGfor99. |
| 1986 | CMU's HiTech chess machine competes at senior master level. |
| 1986 | Dallas Police use robot to break into an apartment. |
| 1986 | First OOPSLA conference on object-oriented programming, at which CLOS is first publicized outside the Lisp/AI community. |
| 1986 | IBM enters AI fray at AAAI, with a LISP, a PROLOG, and an ES shell. |
| 1986 | Max Headroom |
| 1986 | McClelland & Rumelhart's "Parallel Distributed Processing" (Neural Nets) |
| 1986 | Neural net startup companies appear. |
| 1986 | OCR now 100millionindustry.∣∣∣1986∣PICONESgroupleavesLMIandstartsGensym.∣∣∣1986∣PaperbackSoftwareoffersVPExpertfor99. |
| 1986 | Teknowledge goes public, amid wild optimism. |
| 1986 | Thinking Machines introduces Connection Machine. |
| 1987 | Symbolics pioneers the OODB market with Statice, a Flavors-based system. |
| 1987 | Lisp Pointers commences publication. |
| 1987 | 1,900 computers are working Expert systems. |
| 1987 | AI revenue 1.4billion,excludingrobotics.∣∣∣1987∣NLPrevenueapproximately80 million. |
| 1987 | Robotic-vision revenue 300million.∣∣∣1987∣DEC′s"XCON"configurescomputersdoingworkof300peopleusing10,000rules.∣∣∣1987∣Japan′sAFIS(AutomatedFingerprintIdentifacationSystem)∣∣∣1987∣LMIfilesforbankruptcy,otherbankruptciesandlayoffsfollow.∣∣∣1987∣"AiWinter";Lisp−machinemarketsaturated.∣∣∣1987∣MarvinMinskypublishesTheSocietyofMind,atheoreticaldescriptionofthemindasacollectionofcooperatingagents.∣∣∣1988∣CommonLispdevelopmentenvironmentsongeneral−purposeplatformsbegintorivalthoseavailableonLispMachines(e.g.,nativeCLOS,pre−emptivemultitasking,fullsuitesofintegratedtools,etc.)∣∣∣1988∣386chipbringsPCspeedsintocompetitionwithLISPmachines.∣∣∣1988∣Expertsystemsrevenueover400 million. |
| 1988 | Hillis's "Connection Machine", capable of 65,536 parallel computations. |
| 1988 | Minsky and Papert publish revised edition of "Perceptrons" |
| 1988 | Object-oriented languages are "in". |
| 1988 | TI announces MicroExplorer (Macintosh with a LISP machine) |
| 1988 | Teknowledge merges with American Cimflex. |
| 1989 | Coral sold to Apple, re-marketed as Macintosh Allegro Common Lisp. |
| 1989 | Palladian ceases production. |
| 1989 | Dean Pomerleau at CMU creates ALVINN (An Autonomous Land Vehicle in a Neural Network), which grew into the system that drove a car coast-to-coast under computer control for all but about 50 of the 2850 miles. |
| Early 90's | TD-Gammon, a backgammon program written by Gerry Tesauro, demonstrates that reinforcement learning is powerful enough to create a championship-level game-playing program by competing favorably with world-class players. |
| 1990's | Major advances in all areas of AI, with significant demonstrations in machine learning, intelligent tutoring, case-based reasoning, multi-agent planning, scheduling, uncertain reasoning, data mining, natural language understanding and translation, vision, virtual reality, games, and other topics. |
| | Rod Brooks' COG Project at MIT, with numerous collaborators, makes significant progress in building a humanoid robot |
| 1990 | Steele publishes second edition of "Common Lisp the Language" |
| 1990 | AICorp goes public. |
| 1990 | Symbolics Lisp Users Group (SLUG) votes to expand its charter into an Association of Lisp Users, and to expand the scope of its annual conference correspondingly. |
| 1991 | KnowlegeWare cancels offer to buy IntelliCorp. |
| 1992 | Apple Computer introduces Dylan, a language in the Lisp family as its vision for the future of programming. |
| 1992 | X3J13 creates a draft proposed American National Standard for Common Lisp. |
| 1993 | Kurweil AI goes public. |
| 1993 | Symbolics files for bankruptcy. |
| 1994 | Franz Inc. announces the AllegroStore OODB. |
| 1994 | Harlequin's real-time CLOS is used in an announced AT&T switching system. |
| 1994 | Thinking Machines files for bankruptcy. |
| 1994 | (Projected) ANSI Common Lisp becomes the first ANSI-standard OOPL. |
| 1997 | The Deep Blue chess program beats the current world chess champion, Garry Kasparov, in a widely followed match. |
| 1997 | First official Robo-Cup soccer match featuring table-top matches with 40 teams of interacting robots and over 5000 spectators. |
| Late 90's | Web crawlers and other AI-based information extraction programs become essential in widespread use of the world-wide-web. |
| | Demonstration of an Intelligent Room and Emotional Agents at MIT's AI Lab. Initiation of work on the Oxygen Architecture, which connects mobile and stationary computers in an adaptive network. |
| Late 1990s | Web crawlers and other AI-based information extraction programs become essential in widespread use of the World Wide Web. |
| Late 1990s | Demonstration of an Intelligent room and Emotional Agents at MIT's AI Lab. |
| Late 1990s | Initiation of work on the Oxygen architecture, which connects mobile and stationary computers in an adaptive network. |
| 2000 | Interactive robot pets (a.k.a. "smart toys") become commercially available, realizing the vision of the 18th cen. novelty toy makers. |
| 2000 | Cynthia Breazeal at MIT publishes her dissertation on Sociable Machines, describing KISMET, a robot with a face that expresses emotions. |
| 2000 | The Nomad robot explores remote regions of Antarctica looking for meteorite samples. |
| 2000 | Interactive robopets ("smart toys") become commercially available, realizing the vision of the 18th century novelty toy makers. |
| 2000 | Cynthia Breazeal at MIT publishes her dissertation on Sociable machines, describing Kismet (robot), with a face that expresses emotions. |
| 2000 | The Nomad robot explores remote regions of Antarctica looking for meteorite samples. |
| 2004 | OWL Web Ontology Language W3C Recommendation (10 February 2004). |
| 2004 | DARPA introduces the DARPA Grand Challenge requiring competitors to produce autonomous vehicles for prize money. |
| 2005 | Honda's ASIMO robot, an artificially intelligent humanoid robot, is able to walk as fast as a human, delivering trays to customers in restaurant settings. |
| 2005 | Recommendation technology based on tracking web activity or media usage brings AI to marketing. See TiVo Suggestions. |
| 2005 | Blue Brain is born, a project to simulate the brain at molecular detail.[1]. |
| 2006 | The Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference: The Next 50 Years (AI@50) AI@50 (14–16 July 2006) |
| 2007 | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B – Biology, one of the world's oldest scientific journals, puts out a special issue on using AI to understand biological intelligence, titled Models of Natural Action Selection[37] |
| 2007 | Checkers is solved by a team of researchers at the University of Alberta. |